The scope of this article is to propose a reflection about the concept of citizenship presented by Aristotle in his work “Politics”, and which people were considered citizens then in comparison to nowadays. There is no intention to make a deep historical assessment about the particularities of each period of time, but analyse the characteristics which kept some groups inside of the political life and as well kept other groups away from it, in order to demonstrate how strong is the (...) maintenance of the estrangement between people who achieve everything is possible to, whereas other groups cannot achieve even what is deemed to be worthy by law. Keywords: citizenship; citizen; state; law; minorities; achievement. (shrink)

Este texto visa analisar o desenvolvimento do turismo em Lisboa, nos últimos 25 anos, a partir de vários eixos centrais. Por um lado, investigaremos a realização dos megaeventos como fatores indutores do crescimento turístico. Por outro lado, ocrescimento exponencial de visitantes da cidade de Lisboa, que se deu a partirda realização da Exposição Mundial, em 1998, assim como da organização doCampeonato Europeu de Futebol, em 2004, atingiu o seu máximo no ano de 2019. Um elevado número de turistas, concentrado num (...) lugar restrito de Lisboa, o seu centrohistórico, originou reações por parte da população local. (shrink)

Trust enters into the making of a virtuous person in at least two ways. First, unless a child has a sufficiently trusting relationship with at least one adult, it is doubtful that she will be able to become the kind of person who can form ethically responsible relationships with others. Infant trust, as Annette Baier has reminded us, is the foundation on which future trust relationships will be built; and when such trust is irreparably shaken, the adult into whom the (...) child grows may be forever cut off from intimacy. Second, a moral beginner must trust other people's moral judgment while she learns to be good. A child does not learn how to be good on her own. She follows the precepts and examples of others, absorbs the moral values of the community into which she has been born, and relies on others who, with luck, will not lead her astray but will turn out to be trustworthy in offering her guidance and correction. While there is some empirical evidence that children learn about morality better when given reasons in support of what they are being taught, part of what a child is being taught is what counts as a good reason. Thus, no moral beginner could be in a position to assess adequately the cogency of the reasons she given until she has progressed some distance in her education. Until that time, the beginner must rely on other people's judgment. That thrust enters into the making of a morally good person should thus be uncontroversial. I want to defend a much more controversial thesis: needing to trust other people's moral judgment is not just a stage we go through on the way to becoming morally virtuous. If the world of value is complex, and if our access to it is shaped by our experiences, then even among the morally mature there will continue to be a significant role for moral testimony and thus for trust. (shrink)

This chapter contains section titles: Introduction Response Functions Information and Singular Causation The Functions of Sensory Representations The Contents of Sensory Representations: The Problem of Error The Contents of Sensory Representation: The Distality Problem.

The current feminist debate over ecology raises important and timely issues about the theoretical adequacy of the four leading versions of feminism-liberal feminism, traditional Marxist feminism, radical feminism, and socialist feminism. In this paper I present a minimal condition account of ecological feminism, or ecofeminism. I argue that if eco-feminism is true or at least plausible, then each of the four leading versions of feminism is inadequate, incomplete, or problematic as a theoretical grounding for eco-feminism. I conclude that, if eco-feminism (...) is to be taken seriously, then a transformative feminism is needed that will move us beyond the four familiar feminist frameworks and make an eco-feminist perspective central to feminist theory and practice. (shrink)

We hypothesised that belief in conspiracy theories would be predicted by the general tendency to attribute agency and intentionality where it is unlikely to exist. We further hypothesised that this tendency would explain the relationship between education level and belief in conspiracy theories, where lower levels of education have been found to be associated with higher conspiracy belief. In Study 1 participants were more likely to agree with a range of conspiracy theories if they also tended to attribute intentionality and (...) agency to inanimate objects. As predicted, this relationship accounted for the link between education level and belief in conspiracy theories. We replicated this finding in Study 2, whilst taking into account beliefs in paranormal phenomena. These results suggest that education may undermine the reasoning processes and assumptions that are reflected in conspiracy belief. (shrink)

Setting goals in the workplace can motivate improved performance but it might also compromise ethical behavior. In this paper, we propose that individual differences in the dispositional tendency to morally justify behavior moderate the effects of specific performance goals on unethical behavior. We conducted an experimental study in which working participants, who were randomly assigned to a specific goal condition or to a condition with a vague goal that lacked a specific target, completed two tasks in which they had the (...) opportunity to act unethically. In an ethical dilemma task, participants in the specific goal condition were more likely to advocate using unethical methods. However, in an anagram task, only those with high moral justification overstated their performance to a greater degree in the specific goal condition. As such, individuals may not be equally susceptible to the ‘dark side’ of goal-setting. (shrink)

Sosa (2007) claims that a necessary condition on knowledge is manifesting an epistemic competence. To manifest an epistemic competence, a belief must satisfy two conditions: (1) it must derive from the exercise of a reliable belief-forming disposition in appropriate conditions for its exercise and (2) that exercise of the disposition in those conditions would not issue a false belief in a close possible world. Drawing on recent psychological research, I show that memories that are issued by episodic memory retrieval fail (...) to satisfy either of these conditions. This presents Sosa, and other proponents of similar conditions (e.g. some safety theorists and process reliabilists), with a dilemma: (1) deny that episodic memories count as knowledge or (2) give up the conditions as necessary conditions on knowledge. I explore the implications of this dilemma for our understanding of knowledge, memory and the relationship between them. (shrink)

The expression 'the criminal question' does not at present have much currency in English-language criminology. The term was carried across from Italian debates about the orientation of criminology, and in particular debates about what came to be called critical criminology. One definition offered early in the debate described it as 'an area constituted by actions, institutions, policies and discourses whose boundaries shift'. According to this writer, crime, and the cultural and symbolic significance carried by law and criminal justice, is an (...) integral aspect of the criminal question. 'The criminal question' draws attention to the specific location and constitution of a given field of forces, and the themes, issues, dilemmas and debates that compose it. At the same time it enables connections to be made between these embedded realities and the wider, conceivably global, contours of influence and flows of power with which it connects. This in turn raises many questions. How far do the responses to crime and punishment internationally flow from and owe their contemporary shape to the cultural and economic transformations now widely known as 'globalisation'? How can something that is in significant ways embedded, situated, and locally produced also travel? What is not in doubt is that it does travel - and travel with serious consequences. The international circulation of discourses and practices has become a pressing issue for scholars who try to understand their operation in their own particular cultural contexts. This collection of essays seeks a constructive comparative view of these tendencies to convergence and divergence. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza la ética de gobierno como una cuestión de control horizontal entre los poderes del Estado. Dicha cuestión es abordada en términos del denominado control parlamentario, que en Argentina está condicionado por el poder del Presidente de la Nación de emitir decretos legislativos en casi todas las materias. Este poder de decreto es estudiado en relación a una polémica modificación de una la ley de vacunas aprobada por el Congreso Nacional en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19.

In this paper, we reflect upon shame and humiliation as threats to personal and professional integrity and moral agency within contemporary health care. A personal narrative, written by a nurse about a particular shift in a British National Health Service Accident and Emergency Department, is provided as a case study. This is critically reflected and commented upon in dialogue with insights into the nature of shame and humiliation. It is suggested that Accident and Emergency is a locus that is latently (...) prone to dynamics of shame and humiliation, a potential exacerbated within a culture subject to externally‐determined time targets that are enforced by a top‐down system of surveillance and management. The result is that nurses may lose their sense of professional competence and responsibility, moral agency, and integrity, to their own personal detriment, as well as to the detriment of patients with whom they work. Insofar as examining a small part of a whole may suggest insights into the operation and ethos of a very large system, this very particular case study narrative/reflection has some important implications and lessons for the wider organization and provision of health care in Britain and beyond. (shrink)

This article analyzes the challenges of education in the rural Andean context of Peru, highlighting the crucial role of the leadership of principals and teachers. To achieve this, an inductive qualitative documentary research approach was used, based on inquiries supported by hermeneutical analysis. Despite limitations in training in educational management and action, successful school leaders are distinguished by their concern for teachers' job satisfaction, generating high performance expectations, and promoting school achievements to the public. community. Teaching performance is essential in (...) this context, not only for imparting knowledge, but also for acting as a bridge between the educational institution and the community. Pedagogical processes, framed in directive leadership, are fundamental for teacher professional development and the improvement of learning. In addition, the importance of the active and effective participation of teachers in creating an environment of trust and collaborative learning is highlighted. (shrink)

The practice of conducting research online is in its infancy. Consequently there is debate concerning the ethical implications of online data collection. We outline three approaches to online data collection and focus specifically on the issues of consent and anonymity of participants. We conclude that ethical issues raised when planning and implementing online data collection are no different to those raised by more traditional approaches to data collection.

Hundreds of cottages and cabins, mansions and houses line the shores of Lake Minnetonka, one of Minnesota's most beautiful lakes and site of some of the state's most coveted properties. Legendary Homes of Lake Minnetonka invites readers into thirty of these dwellings - built by families like the Washburns, the Pillsburys, and the Daytons. Evocative words and stunning color photographs guide readers through these beautifully designed and furnished homes. Portrayed in elegant detail are interiors of renovated Victorian cottages and rustic (...) cabins, as well as those of houses designed by modernist masters like William Lescaze and Philip Johnson. Photographer Karen Melvin takes viewers through the front door, showing living rooms furnished with Mies van der Rohe couches and Frank Lloyd Wright chairs and walls adorned with works by Robert Motherwell and Damien Hirst. Author Bette Jones Hammel relates the homes' histories of ownership and details the many renovations they have seen over time, renovations that have attempted to retain the homes' character and extend their lifespan. For the best views of the exteriors of these homes, you would need a boat. To see the interiors, you would need an invitation. Hammel and Melvin have chosen the most interesting houses - both architecturally and historically - and painstakingly scouted out the best vantage points, both inside and out, to provide a personal tour of these spectacular homes. (shrink)

In ethical theory, different concepts of autonomy can be distinguished. In this article we explore how these concepts of autonomy are combined in theory in the citizenship paradigm, and how this turns out in the practice of care for people with acquired brain injury. The stories of a professional caregiver and a client with acquired brain injury show that the combination of various concepts of autonomy in practice leads to tensions between caregivers and clients. These dynamics are discussed from a (...) care ethics perspective, stressing the importance of relationships and interdependence, as well as paying attention to various, sometimes conflicting, perspectives in a deliberative dialogue. (shrink)

New media can change the way that artifacts are constructed and used. Changes in these artifacts, in turn, will be reflected in work practices and processes. This article draws on an empirical investigation of the impact of computer-based technologies on classical scholarship to discuss some of the ramifications that a switch in medium may have for work. The article defines both traditional and computer-based tools as "packages" that consist of artifacts, skill sets, data, beliefs about the work process, and organizational (...) infrastructures, and applies the package metaphor to understand the multiple levels of changes taking place within classics as the use of textual databanks becomes more prevalent. (shrink)

Despite its importance for early analytic philosophy, Gottlob Frege's account of existence statements, according to which they classify concepts, has been thought to succumb to a number of well-worn criticisms. This article does two things. First, it argues that, by remaining faithful to the letter of Frege's claim that concepts are functions, the Fregean account can be saved from many of the standard criticisms. Second, it examines the problem that Frege's account fails to generalize to cases which involve definite descriptions (...) and proper names. To deal with this the proffered analysis deviates from the letter of Frege's views, while remaining within its spirit. It proposes, in opposition to Frege, that expressions which grammatically look like singular terms should not always be read as referring to objects, but are sometimes best analysed as indicating functions. (shrink)

For many, Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex has only historic significance. The aim of this article is to show on the contrary that Beauvoir's philosophy already contains all the elements of contemporary feminism-so much so that it can be taken as its paradigm. Beauvoir's ideas about the self are extremely relevant today. Feminist themes such as the logic of "equality and difference" and identity are interwoven in her thinking in ways that can offer solutions to what seem to be (...) insurmountable dilemmas in modern feminism. The attack on all kinds of essentialism can be reconciled with feminist identity-politics when the latter presents itself as "arts of living.". (shrink)

Blumenthal-Barby et al. (2022) are right. Philosophers should pay greater attention to bioethics and bioethicists should pay greater attention to insights from philosophy. This commentary extends t...

This essay addresses the moral nature of corporate social media platforms through the lenses of Axel Honneth’s concept of justice, according to which relations of mutual recognition must be institutionalized into spheres of social freedom to claim a just society. This perspective allows us to observe how platforms configure a symmetrically inverted form of ethical sphere, in which users are led to formulate non-autonomous desires that can only be realized socially. We characterize this as social unfreedom. A just platform ought (...) to be the one in which rights and self-legislation capabilities enable users to have a stake in governing how these digital spaces can be designed to foster the practical realization of users’ autonomous aims, the essay argues. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo expor e discutir as concepções de Gottlob Frege sobre os conceitos de “sentido” e “referência” e como, por meio destes, se deu a contribuição do filósofo ao que hoje chamamos filosofia da linguagem. Entretanto, vários estudiosos não consideram Frege um autêntico filósofo da linguagem, alguns de seus escritos representam, historicamente, enorme influência nesse ramo da filosofia contemporânea, pois tentam solucionar certos problemas da linguagem. Serão analisados principalmente o célebre artigo “Sobre Sentido e Referência” bem como (...) alguns de seus escritos que se ocupam, ainda que de modo secundário, sobre ambos os conceitos. (shrink)

I argue that the framing of environmental justice issues in terms of distribution is problematic. Using insights about the connections between institutions of human oppression and the domination of the natural environment, as well as insights into nondistributive justice, I argue for a nondistributive model to supplement, complement, and in some cases preempt the distributive model. I conclude with a discussion of eight features of such a nondistributive conception of justice.

O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar a leitura neopragmatista de Richard Rorty (1931-2007) sobre a concepção de subjetividade em Michel Foucault (1926-1984). Rorty ficou conhecido como um celebre filósofo que se opôs à concepção moderna de sujeito, sobretudo, o excesso de antropocentrismo e cientificismo. Quanto ao filósofo francês Michel Foucault, pode-se constatar no terceiro domínio de sua produção teórica, a presença de uma investigação vigorosa sobre a constituição do sujeito. Inicialmente, percebe-se desde seus primeiros escritos, o papel que exerce o (...) poder e a verdade enquanto mecanismos criadores de subjetividade, impondo aos sujeitos modos de ser e de relacionar-se consigo e com os outros. Todavia, a análise sobre a questão da constituição do sujeito se configura de forma mais delimitada nos cursos Subjetividade e Verdade (1981) e A Hermenêutica do Sujeito (1982). Foucault desenvolve uma investigação sobre a subjetividade a partir das noções de ética, filosofia, espiritualidade, sexualidade, arte de viver e cuidado de si, buscando compreender como o sujeito torna-se assujeitado pelo poder e saber, sugerindo novos modos de subjetividade, diferentes daqueles propostos pelo poder. Entretanto, contrariamente ao que propôs Foucault, o filósofo norte-americano neopragmatista Richard Rorty, conhecido por propor uma filosofia edificante, afirma na obra Contingência, ironia e solidariedade (2007) que as ideias do filósofo francês, embora tentem se desvencilhar da concepção moderna de subjetividade, ainda se mantêm atreladas a ela. Assim, pretende-se explorar os argumentos rortyanos que justificam às objeções a Foucault, e com base na análise de textos específicos de ambos os autores, se busca identificar os argumentos usados por Rorty para acusar Foucault de permanecer no quadro teórico da modernidade. (shrink)

This research investigates gender differences in employer-sponsored medical insurance coverage among full-time male and female workers in the United States and assesses the relevance of human capital theory and its compensating differentials corollary in predicting coverage. Data are analyzed from a subsample of the Quality of Employment Survey, a national probability sample of workers in the United States. Results indicate that men were more likely to have medical insurance coverage from their employers than were women; however, gender differences were minimized (...) in a multivariate context when human capital and structural variables were controlled. Furthermore, human capital variables are, overall, weak predictors of whether both women and men received coverage. More generally, the data suggest that structural conditions of the occupation, rather than individual human capital, may be most relevant for future research. (shrink)

El artículo deriva de un estudio de caso cualitativo realizado en 2019 que analiza los testimonios de 30 mujeres bolivianas aymara empleadas mayormente en la agricultura o en el comercio agrícola en el valle de Azapa, en las inmediaciones de la ciudad chilena de Arica. Se enfoca específicamente en sus relatos sobre las relaciones de género en sus familias de origen, indagando sobre su impacto (o su vinculación) con los desplazamientos que las mujeres emprenden en sus vidas adultas. El objetivo (...) central es mostrar cómo las relaciones de género en estos entornos familiares ayudaron a configurar los procesos de movilidad transfronteriza femenina y cómo ambos elementos están atravesados por las múltiples desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres en las comunidades de origen de las migrantes. Los marcos conceptuales aplicados a este estudio devienen de dos grandes campos teóricos. Primero, para conceptualizar las relaciones de género y las desigualdades de poder que caracterizan las trayectorias familiares de nuestras entrevistadas en sus localidades de origen, nos apoyamos en las reflexiones antropológicas del feminismo crítico sobre los sistemas de dominación masculina. En segundo lugar, nos apoyamos también en la amplia producción antropológica sobre las asimetrías de género en los grupos sociales aymara, que permiten complementar el marco anterior desde las dimensiones simbólicas y relacionales propias de estos pueblos originarios. (shrink)

O primeiro contato aconteceu na sala 305 do CCHL. Era o período letivo acadêmico de 2002/01. Uns quatro ou cinco minutos depois das dezoito horas entra aquele senhor calvo e de óculos. Coloca sua pasta sobre a mesa, acomoda uns textos fotocopiados próximo à pasta; se apresenta. Depois de um sonoro “boa noite”, e de falar o nome da disciplina, diz seu nome: Amadeu Matias. Era o Padre Amadeu. Dezoito anos passaram. Mas ainda ressoa na memória o timbre grave da (...) voz, o riso contagiante e o passo eloquente do seu discurso. Tive o prazer de ser aluno do Padre Amadeu em duas disciplinas que aconteciam sequencialmente uma depois do horário da outra. O ano de ingresso dele na função de professor efetivo da UFPI foi o ano de 2002. Acredito que isso faz de mim um dos membros do grupo de alunas/alunos que pertenceram à primeira turma do Departamento de Filosofia que o Padre Amadeu ministrou aluas. As disciplinas eram Filosofia Medieval e Filosofia da Religião. (shrink)

The authors in this edited volume reflect on their experiences with culturally relevant pedagogy-as students, as teachers, as researchers-and how these experiences were often at odds with their backgrounds and/or expectations.

O objetivo desta pesquisa teórica é problematizar as concepções de educação, conhecimento e produção de conhecimento que compartilhamos no movimento negro a partir da descrição que encontramos delas na obra “O movimento negro educador”, de Nilma Lino Gomes. A obra foi escolhida como objeto de estudo pela penetração no campo e pelo objetivo de pensar o papel do movimento negro no desenvolvimento da compreensão sobre raça e racismo no Brasil, seja no âmbito mais geral, seja na educação escolar. Este trabalho (...) suscita um debate para repensarmos os limites e as potencialidades de nossas concepções enquanto movimento negro proletário a respeito sobre a relação entre raça, racismo, educação e conhecimento e caminhos que podemos seguir para requalificá-las. (shrink)

Invited media scholars and journalists examine the general issue of nuclear waste, risk and the sicentific promises that were made, but not kept, about safe disposal. The mass media uncovered and reported on nuclear waste problems at Rocky Flats in Colorado and Hanford in Washington. Two environmental journalists review efforts to expose problems at these sites, how secrecy hampered reporting, and the effects of media coverage on nearby residents. An environmental communications scholar evaluates media coverage, the role of the U.S. (...) Department of Energy, and the impact of secrecy on public risk perceptions and attitudes toward government nuclear waste policies. (shrink)